Liquefied Sand (Rollins) [Rollins et al., 2005]

p-y curve model recommended by [Rollins et al., 2005], derived from full-scale lateral load tests, is used to analyze piles subjected to lateral loads in the presence of a liquefied sand layer. The resulting p-y relationship does not require input values other than pile width.

(1)

where,

p = horizontal soil resistance per unit length in (kN/m)

pd = pile diameter correction factor

y = horizontal displacement in (mm)

A,B,C = coefficients

(2)

where,

z = depth (m)

(3)

b = diameter or width of the pile or shaft (m)

The pile diameter correction factor, pd, is equal to 1 when the pile diameter is 0.3 m. According to[Rollins et al., 2005], Eqn. (2) may not be appropriate for foundations with diameters smaller than 0.3 m or greater than 1.0 m. Moreover, the maximum horizontal resistance, pu, for the tested piles is 15 kN/m. In other words, Eqn. (1), with pd = 1, equals 15 kN/m.

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[Rollins et al., 2005] Rollins, K. M., Gerber, T. M., Lane, J. D., and Ashford, S. A. (2005). Lateral resistance of a full-scale pile group in liquefied sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(1):115–125