# Liquefied Sand (Rollins) \[Rollins et al., 2005]

*p-y* curve model recommended by \[Rollins et al., 2005], derived from full-scale lateral load tests, is used to analyze piles subjected to lateral loads in the presence of a liquefied sand layer. The resulting *p-y* relationship does not require input values other than pile width.

$$
\tag{1}
p = p\_dA(By)^{C}
$$

where,

$$p$$ = horizontal soil resistance per unit length in (kN/m)

$$p\_d$$ = pile diameter correction factor

$$y$$ = horizontal displacement in (mm)

$$A,B,C$$ = coefficients

$$
\tag{2}
A = 3\*10^{-7}(z+1)^{6.05} \quad B = 2.8(z+1)^{0.11} \quad C = 2.85(z+1)^{-0.41}
$$

where,

$$z$$ = depth (m)

$$
\tag{3}
p\_d = 3.81ln(b) + 5.6
$$

$$b$$ = diameter or width of the pile or shaft (m)

The pile diameter correction factor, $$p\_d$$, is equal to 1 when the pile diameter is 0.3 m. According to\[Rollins et al., 2005], Eqn. (2) may not be appropriate for foundations with diameters smaller than 0.3 m or greater than 1.0 m. Moreover, the maximum horizontal resistance, $$p\_u$$, for the tested piles is 15 kN/m. In other words, Eqn. (1), with $$p\_d$$ = 1, equals 15 kN/m.

***

\[Rollins et al., 2005] Rollins, K. M., Gerber, T. M., Lane, J. D., and Ashford, S. A. (2005). Lateral resistance of a full-scale pile group in liquefied sand. *Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering*, 131(1):115–125


---

# Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation

If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question.

Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter:

```
GET https://docs.openbrim.org/technical-background/soil-structure-interaction/lateral-soil-models/liquefied-sand-rollins-rollins-et-al-2005.md?ask=<question>
```

The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation.

Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.