Sand (Reese) [Reese et al., 1974]
where,
ϕ = internal friction angle
Ka = coefficient of active earth pressure
The earth pressure at rest, K0 is assumed as constant and K0 = 0.4
The unfactored horizontal ultimate sand resistance per unit length of pile, ps is defined as the minimum of the following two equations,
(1)
(2)
(3)
where,
ps = unfactored horizontal ultimate sand resistance per unit length of pile b = pile diameter z = depth γ = sand unit weight
Compute pult by the following equation:
(4)
use the appropriate value of
or
for static and cyclic loading case respectively from the following figure.
Compute pm by the following equation:
(5)
use the appropriate value of
or
for static and cyclic loading case respectively from the following figure.
The two straight-line portions of the p-y curve can now be established. Establish following two definitions:
(6)
Establish the initial straight-line portion of the p-y curve.
(7)
Use the appropriate value for kpy from following tables
Representative values of kpy for submerged sand
Recommended kpy (MN/m3)
5.4
16.3
34
Representative values of kpy for sand above water table
Recommended kpy (MN/m3)
6.8
24.4
61
Establish the parabolic section of the p-y curve,
(8)
Fit the parabola between points k and m as follows,
[Reese et al., 1974] Reese, L. C., Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D. (1974). Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand. In Offshore Technology Conference, pages OTC–2080. OTC.
[Reese and Van Impe, 2011] Reese, L. C. and Van Impe, W. F. (2011). Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading. CRC Press/Balkema.
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